Ronin V2

Funds can be stolen if

1. validators allow to mint more tokens than there are locked on Ethereum thus preventing some existing holders from being able to bring their funds back to Ethereum (CRITICAL),
2. malicious validators generate signature of a fake withdrawal request (CRITICAL),
3. a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).

Funds can be frozen if

4. withdrawal limits are misconfigured.

Users can be censored if

5. validators decide to not approve a token mint after observing an event on Ethereum (CRITICAL),
6. validators decide not to sign withdrawal requests (CRITICAL).

Principle of operation

This is a typical Token Bridge that locks tokens in the escrow contracts on Ethereum and mints tokens on the Ronin network. When bridging back to Ethereum tokens are burned on Ronin and then released from the escrow on Ethereum.

Transfers are externally verified

A Ronin Bridge service watches for events on Ethereum and transmits those events to a contract on Ronin chain (Axie Infinity chain). Designated group of weighted validators vote on the validity of those events, and when acknowledged, a "representation token" is minted on the Ronin chain. To withdraw tokens, user needs to deposit them to a contract on the Ronin chain, which will generate an event to be picked by the validators. When validators acknowledge the event, they generate signature, which can be submitted to the Ethereum bridge contract to finalize the withdrawal. Ronin V2 introduced multi-tier withdrawal limits dependent on the overall value of the transaction and the token used. The higher value of transaction, the more validators need to vote to approve withdrawal request. There is a separate group of actors called "governors" who are able to change thresholds, add/remove validators and update contracts. Each validator has a corresponding weighted governor account. There is also a daily withdrawal limit. If it's crossed, an address from a list of "Withdrawal unlockers" needs to participate in the transaction.

• Users can be censored if validators decide to not approve a token mint after observing an event on Ethereum (CRITICAL).

• Users can be censored if validators decide not to sign withdrawal requests (CRITICAL).

• Funds can be stolen if validators allow to mint more tokens than there are locked on Ethereum thus preventing some existing holders from being able to bring their funds back to Ethereum (CRITICAL).

• Funds can be stolen if malicious validators generate signature of a fake withdrawal request (CRITICAL).

• Funds can be frozen if withdrawal limits are misconfigured.

1. Token transfer flows

Destination tokens

Tokens transferred end up as wrapped ERC20/ERC721.