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Hermez is an open-source ZK-Rollup that aims to be optimized for secure, low-cost and usable token transfers on the wings of Ethereum.
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ZK-SNARKS are zero knowledge proofs that ensure state correctness, but require trusted setup.
All of the data needed for proof construction is published on chain.
The code that secures the system can be changed arbitrarily but users have some time to react.
Users can force the sequencer to include a withdrawal transaction by submitting a request through L1. If the sequencer censors or is down for , users can use the exit hatch to withdraw their funds.
If the Proposer fails, users can leverage the open source prover to submit proofs to the L1 bridge.
Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK Proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. Once the proof is processed on the Ethereum blockchain the L2 block is instantly finalized.
Despite their production use ZK-SNARKs are still new and experimental cryptography. Cryptography has made a lot of advancements in the recent years but all cryptographic solutions rely on time to prove their security. In addition ZK-SNARKs require a trusted setup to operate.
Funds can be stolen if the cryptography is broken or implemented incorrectly.
All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap calldata. This ensures that it will always be available when needed.
The system runs an auction in which anyone can bid to become the operator for a set number of blocks. The operator will be able to propose blocks and collect fees during this window. Hermez will also run a operator known as boot coordinator that will propose blocks in case no one bids in the auction. This operator can be removed by the governance.
Because the block production is open to anyone if users experience censorship from the operator they can propose their own blocks which would include their transactions.
Users can be censored if the operator refuses to include their transactions and users lack resources to propose blocks themselves.
The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a transaction on L2. When the block containing that transaction is proven the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof. This operation cannot be performed if the withdrawal exceeds certain threshold.
The user submits the withdrawal request on L1. This forces the operators to pick up the request before other L2 transactions. A block still needs to be proved, the user still submits a merkle proof, and the funds threshold still cannot be exceeded.
When the user does a regular or forced withdraw and their funds exceed a certain threshold a timer activates. After a specified time has passed and the emergency mode has not been activated the funds can be withdrawn.
When the user does a regular or forced withdraw and their funds exceed a certain threshold a timer activates. The operators can now trigger emergency mode and transfer the user's funds to the governance.
Funds can be stolen if the operators trigger a false alarm during withdrawal (CRITICAL).
This contract can store any token.
Admin of HermezAuctionProtocol and Hermez, owned by the timelock.
Enforces a 7 day delay on upgrades.
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is a 7 days delay on code upgrades.