Parallel
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About
Parallel is an Ethereum L2 solution utilizing Arbitrum Nitro technology.
Badges
About
Parallel is an Ethereum L2 solution utilizing Arbitrum Nitro technology.
Recategorisation
The project will be classified as "Other" due to its specific risks that set it apart from the standard classifications.
The project will move to Others because:
Consequence: projects without a proper proof system fully rely on single entities to safely update the state. A malicious proposer can finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds.
Learn more about the recategorisation here.
ArbOS v20 upgrade
2024 Apr 10th
Introduces EIP-4844 data blobs for L1 data availability and Dencun-related opcodes on L2.
Funds can be stolen if
Funds can be lost if
MEV can be extracted if
Sequencer failure
Self sequenceState validation
Fraud proofs (INT)No actor outside of the single Proposer can submit fraud proofs. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve. The challenge protocol can be subject to delay attacks. There is a 6d challenge period.
Exit window
NoneThere is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.
Proposer failure
Self proposeAnyone can become a Proposer after 12d 8h of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.
Parallel is a All transaction data is recorded on chain
Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by a set of whitelisted validators. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.
Whitelisted validators propose state roots as children of a previous state root. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. This structure forms a graph, and therefore, in the contracts, state roots are referred to as nodes. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 0.1 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be moved from one node to one of its children, either by calling stakeOnExistingNode or stakeOnNewNode. New nodes cannot be created faster than the minimum assertion period by the same validator, currently set to 15m. The oldest unconfirmed node can be confirmed if the challenge period has passed and there are no siblings, and rejected if the parent is not a confirmed node or if the challenge period has passed and no one is staked on it.
Funds can be stolen if none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL).
A challenge can be started between two siblings, i.e. two different state roots that share the same parent, by calling the startChallenge function. Validators cannot be in more than one challenge at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with partial concurrency. Since each challenge lasts 6d, this implies that the protocol can be subject to delay attacks, where a malicious actor can delay withdrawals as long as they are willing to pay the cost of losing their stakes. If the protocol is delayed attacked, the new stake requirement increases exponentially for each challenge period of delay. Challenges are played via a bisection game, where asserter and challenger play together to find the first instruction of disagreement. Such instruction is then executed onchain in the WASM OneStepProver contract to determine the winner, who then gets half of the stake of the loser. As said before, a state root is rejected only when no one left is staked on it. The protocol does not enforces valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claim and then provide incorrect midpoints.
The system has a centralized sequencer
While forcing transaction is open to anyone the system employs a privileged sequencer that has priority for submitting transaction batches and ordering transactions.
MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
Users can force any transaction
Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly. After a delay of 2d in which a Sequencer has failed to include a transaction that was directly posted to the smart contract, it can be forcefully included by anyone on the host chain, which finalizes its ordering.
Regular exit
The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is finalized the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. The process of block finalization usually takes several days to complete. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.
Tradeable Bridge Exit
When a user initiates a regular withdrawal a third party verifying the chain can offer to buy this withdrawal by paying the user on L1. The user will get the funds immediately, however the third party has to wait for the block to be finalized. This is implemented as a first party functionality inside Arbitrum’s token bridge.
Autonomous exit
Users can (eventually) exit the system by pushing the transaction on L1 and providing the corresponding state root. The only way to prevent such withdrawal is via an upgrade.
EVM compatible smart contracts are supported
Arbitrum One uses Nitro technology that allows running fraud proofs by executing EVM code on top of WASM.
Funds can be lost if there are mistakes in the highly complex Nitro and WASM one-step prover implementation.
The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:
Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
- A Gnosis Safe with 3 / 5 threshold.
- Can act on behalf of UpgradeExecutor.
- Can change the configuration of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor) - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts.
- Can upgrade the implementation of Inbox, L1WethGateway, ChallengeManager, RollupEventInbox, Bridge, L1GatewayRouter, L1ERC20Gateway, L1CustomGateway, SequencerInbox, Outbox, UpgradeExecutor (acting via ProxyAdmin, UpgradeExecutor).
- Can upgrade the implementation of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor).
Those are the participants of the ParallelMultisig.
A Sequencer - Can submit transaction batches or commitments to the SequencerInbox contract on the host chain.
A Sequencer - Can submit transaction batches or commitments to the SequencerInbox contract on the host chain.
A Validator - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
- Can change the configuration of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor) - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts.
- Can upgrade the implementation of Inbox, L1WethGateway, ChallengeManager, RollupEventInbox, Bridge, L1GatewayRouter, L1ERC20Gateway, L1CustomGateway, SequencerInbox, Outbox, UpgradeExecutor (acting via ProxyAdmin, UpgradeExecutor).
- Can upgrade the implementation of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor).
The system consists of the following smart contracts on the host chain (Ethereum):
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Upgrade delay: No delay
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
Contract that allows challenging state roots. Can be called through the RollupProxy by Validators or the UpgradeExecutor.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
This contract implements view only utilities for validators.
Implementation used in:
Helper contract sending configuration data over the bridge during the systems initialization.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
This routing contract maps tokens to the correct escrow (gateway) to be then bridged with canonical messaging.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Central contract for the project’s configuration like its execution logic hash (wasmModuleRoot) and addresses of the other system contracts. Entry point for Proposers creating new Rollup Nodes (state commitments) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs (In the Orbit stack, these two roles are both held by the Validators).
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Can be used to upgrade implementation of Inbox, L1WethGateway, ChallengeManager, RollupEventInbox, Bridge, L1GatewayRouter, L1ERC20Gateway, L1CustomGateway, SequencerInbox, Outbox, UpgradeExecutor.
Escrows deposited ERC-20 assets for the canonical Bridge. Upon depositing, a generic token representation will be minted at the destination. Withdrawals are initiated by the Outbox contract. This contract can store any token.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
Escrows deposited assets for the canonical bridge that are externally governed or need custom token contracts with e.g. minting rights or upgradeability. This contract can store any token.
Upgrade delay: No delay
A sequencer (registered in this contract) can submit transaction batches or commitments here.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
- Can act on behalf of ProxyAdmin.
- Can be used to configure RollupProxy - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts.
- Can be used to upgrade implementation of RollupProxy.
- Central contract defining the access control permissions for upgrading the system contract implementations.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Value Locked is calculated based on these smart contracts and tokens:
Main entry point for users depositing ERC20 tokens. Upon depositing, on L2 a generic, “wrapped” token will be minted.
Implementation used in:
Main entry point for users depositing ERC20 tokens that require minting custom token on L2.
Contract managing Inboxes and Outboxes. It escrows ETH sent to L2.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).