Re.al
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About
Re.al is an Arbitrum Orbit stack L2 with AnyTrust data availability, focusing on Real World Assets.
Badges
About
Re.al is an Arbitrum Orbit stack L2 with AnyTrust data availability, focusing on Real World Assets.
Recategorisation
The project will be classified as "Other" due to its specific risks that set it apart from the standard classifications.
The project will move to Others because:
Consequence: projects without a sufficiently decentralized set of challengers rely on few entities to safely update the state. A small set of challengers can collude with the proposer to finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds.
Consequence: projects without a sufficiently decentralized data availability committee rely on few entities to safely attest data availability on Ethereum. A small set of entities can collude with the proposer to finalize an unavailable state, which can cause loss of funds.
Learn more about the recategorisation here.
Re.al Mainnet Launch
2024 May 15th
Re.al launches its mainnet with some initial dapps deployed.
Arcana Launch
2024 May 15th
Arcana launches their platform for rebasing, delta-neutral yields on re.al.
Funds can be stolen if
- a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL),
- none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL),
- validators with the 'fast-confirmer' permission finalize a malicious state root before the challenge period has passed (CRITICAL).
Funds can be lost if
Users can be censored if
MEV can be extracted if
Sequencer failure
Self sequenceState validation
Fraud proofs (INT)Fraud proofs only allow 2 WHITELISTED actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve. The challenge protocol can be subject to delay attacks. There is a 6d 8h challenge period.
Data availability
External (DAC)Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. There exists a Data Availability Committee (DAC) with a threshold of 1/2 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.
Exit window
NoneThere is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.
Proposer failure
Self proposeAnyone can become a Proposer after 12d 17h of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.
Data is not stored on chain
Users transactions are not published onchain, but rather sent to external trusted parties, also known as committee members (DAC). Members of the DAC collectively produce a Data Availability Certificate (comprising BLS signatures from a quorum) guaranteeing that the data behind the new transaction batch will be available until the expiry period elapses (currently a minimum of two weeks). This signature is not verified by L1, however external Validators will skip the batch if BLS signature is not valid resulting. This will result in a fraud proof challenge if this batch is included in a consecutive state update. It is assumed that at least one honest DAC member that signed the batch will reveal tx data to the Validators if Sequencer decides to act maliciously and withhold the data. If the Sequencer cannot gather enough signatures from the DAC, it will “fall back to rollup” mode and by posting the full data directly to the L1 chain. The current DAC threshold is 1 out of 2.
Funds can be lost if the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).
Users can be censored if the committee restricts their access to the external data.
Re.al DAC
Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by a set of whitelisted validators. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.
Whitelisted validators propose state roots as children of a previous state root. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. This structure forms a graph, and therefore, in the contracts, state roots are referred to as nodes. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 0.1 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be moved from one node to one of its children, either by calling stakeOnExistingNode or stakeOnNewNode. New nodes cannot be created faster than the minimum assertion period by the same validator, currently set to 12s. The oldest unconfirmed node can be confirmed if the challenge period has passed and there are no siblings, and rejected if the parent is not a confirmed node or if the challenge period has passed and no one is staked on it.
Funds can be stolen if none of the whitelisted verifiers checks the published state. Fraud proofs assume at least one honest and able validator (CRITICAL).
A challenge can be started between two siblings, i.e. two different state roots that share the same parent, by calling the startChallenge function. Validators cannot be in more than one challenge at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with partial concurrency. Since each challenge lasts 6d 8h, this implies that the protocol can be subject to delay attacks, where a malicious actor can delay withdrawals as long as they are willing to pay the cost of losing their stakes. If the protocol is delayed attacked, the new stake requirement increases exponentially for each challenge period of delay. Challenges are played via a bisection game, where asserter and challenger play together to find the first instruction of disagreement. Such instruction is then executed onchain in the WASM OneStepProver contract to determine the winner, who then gets half of the stake of the loser. As said before, a state root is rejected only when no one left is staked on it. The protocol does not enforces valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claim and then provide incorrect midpoints.
Whitelisted validators can fast-confirm state-roots after the initial 12s minimum assertion period has passed on a state root and skip the 6d 8h challenge period. This finalizes the fast-confirmed state root an permits withdrawals based on it.
Funds can be stolen if validators with the 'fast-confirmer' permission finalize a malicious state root before the challenge period has passed (CRITICAL).
The system has a centralized sequencer
While forcing transaction is open to anyone the system employs a privileged sequencer that has priority for submitting transaction batches and ordering transactions.
MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
Users can force any transaction
Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly. After a delay of 1d in which a Sequencer has failed to include a transaction that was directly posted to the smart contract, it can be forcefully included by anyone on the host chain, which finalizes its ordering.
Regular exit
The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is finalized the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. The process of block finalization usually takes several days to complete. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.
Tradeable Bridge Exit
When a user initiates a regular withdrawal a third party verifying the chain can offer to buy this withdrawal by paying the user on L1. The user will get the funds immediately, however the third party has to wait for the block to be finalized. This is implemented as a first party functionality inside Arbitrum’s token bridge.
Autonomous exit
Users can (eventually) exit the system by pushing the transaction on L1 and providing the corresponding state root. The only way to prevent such withdrawal is via an upgrade.
EVM compatible smart contracts are supported
Arbitrum One uses Nitro technology that allows running fraud proofs by executing EVM code on top of WASM.
Funds can be lost if there are mistakes in the highly complex Nitro and WASM one-step prover implementation.
The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:
Can submit transaction batches or commitments to the SequencerInbox contract on the host chain.
Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
Can finalize a state root before the challenge period has passed. This allows withdrawing from the bridge based on the state root.
- A Gnosis Safe with 4 / 8 threshold.
- Can act on behalf of UpgradeExecutor.
- Can change the configuration of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor) - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts.
- Can upgrade the implementation of ChallengeManager, ERC20Bridge, L1OrbitGatewayRouter, ERC20RollupEventInbox, SequencerInbox, ERC20Outbox, UpgradeExecutor, ERC20Inbox, L1OrbitERC20Gateway (acting via ProxyAdmin, UpgradeExecutor).
- Can upgrade the implementation of RollupProxy (acting via UpgradeExecutor).
Used in:
Those are the participants of the GelatoMultisig.
- A Gnosis Safe with 4 / 5 threshold.
- Can change the configuration of RealVault - can manage asset strategies and fees for the user’s funds backing reETH.
- Can upgrade the implementation of RealVault.
Those are the participants of the RealStrategiesMultisig.
- A Gnosis Safe with 1 / 1 threshold.
- Can act as a FastConfirmer - Can finalize a state root before the challenge period has passed. This allows withdrawing from the bridge based on the state root.
- Can act as a Validator - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
Those are the participants of the RealFastConfirmerMultisig.
A Sequencer - Can submit transaction batches or commitments to the SequencerInbox contract on the host chain.
- Member of RealFastConfirmerMultisig.
- A FastConfirmer (acting via RealFastConfirmerMultisig) - Can finalize a state root before the challenge period has passed. This allows withdrawing from the bridge based on the state root.
- A Validator (acting via RealFastConfirmerMultisig) - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
- A Validator - Can propose new state roots (called nodes) and challenge state roots on the host chain.
Can upgrade the implementation of Bridger.
The system consists of the following smart contracts on the host chain (Ethereum):
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
This contract implements view only utilities for validators.
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
Contract that allows challenging state roots. Can be called through the RollupProxy by Validators or the UpgradeExecutor.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
This routing contract maps tokens to the correct escrow (gateway) to be then bridged with canonical messaging.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Performs swaps via Curve or UniswapV3 to serve instant withdrawals from the reETH RealVault.
Helper contract sending configuration data over the bridge during the systems initialization.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
A sequencer (registered in this contract) can submit transaction batches or commitments here.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
A gateway contract that manages strategies for assets that are deposited to the AssetsVault. From a user PoV this happens when bridging to the L2.
This contract stores the following tokens: stETH.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
Can be used to upgrade implementation of ChallengeManager, ERC20Bridge, L1OrbitGatewayRouter, ERC20RollupEventInbox, SequencerInbox, ERC20Outbox, UpgradeExecutor, ERC20Inbox, L1OrbitERC20Gateway.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Central contract for the project’s configuration like its execution logic hash (wasmModuleRoot) and addresses of the other system contracts. Entry point for Proposers creating new Rollup Nodes (state commitments) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs (In the Orbit stack, these two roles are both held by the Validators).
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Implementation used in:
- Can act on behalf of ProxyAdmin.
- Can be used to configure RollupProxy - Pause and unpause and set important roles and parameters in the system contracts.
- Can be used to upgrade implementation of RollupProxy.
- Central contract defining the access control permissions for upgrading the system contract implementations.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
This contract is responsible for managing deposit, withdrawal, and settlement processes for the assets backing reETH using the ERC4626 (tokenized vault) standard.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Escrows deposited ERC-20 assets for the canonical Bridge. Upon depositing, a generic token representation will be minted at the destination. Withdrawals are initiated by the Outbox contract. This contract can store any token.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
Value Locked is calculated based on these smart contracts and tokens:
Default Gateway for non-native tokens. On depositing, a generic ‘wrapped’ version of the escrowed token is minted on the L2.
Implementation used in:
Contract managing Inboxes and Outboxes. It escrows ETH sent to L2.
Upgrade delay: No delay
Implementation used in:
This contract escrows the stETH that was deposited to mint reETH.
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).