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zkSync Era logozkSync Era

  • Total value locked$71.32 K72.70%
  • Breakdown
  • Daily TPSNo data
  • 30D tx countNo data
  • TechnologyZK Rollup
  • PurposeUniversal

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Tokens:

Description

Currently only registered addresses can bridge to zkSync Era.

zkSync Era is a general-purpose zk rollup platform from Matter Labs aiming at implementing nearly full EVM compatibility in its zk-friendly custom virtual machine. It implements standard Web3 API and it preserves key EVM features such as smart contract composability while introducing some new concept such as native account abstraction. It is currently deployed on mainnet and available for registered projects and developers.

If you find something wrong on this page you can submit an issue or edit the information.

Risk analysis

Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityUpgradeabilityValidator failure

State validation

ZK proofs (SN)

ZK-SNARKS are zero knowledge proofs that ensure state correctness, but require trusted setup.

Data availability

On chain

All of the data needed for proof construction is published on chain.

Upgradeability

Yes

The code that secures the system can be changed arbitrarily and without notice.

Sequencer failure

No mechanism

There is no mechanism to have transactions be included if the sequencer is down or censoring.

Validator failure

No mechanism

Only whitelisted Validators can submit proofs.

Technology

Validity proofs ensure state correctness

Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK Proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. Once the proof is processed on the Ethereum blockchain the L2 block is instantly finalized.

  1. Validity proofs - zkSync FAQ

Zero knowledge SNARK cryptography is used

Despite their production use ZK-SNARKs are still new and experimental cryptography. Cryptography has made a lot of advancements in the recent years but all cryptographic solutions rely on time to prove their security. In addition ZK-SNARKs require a trusted setup to operate.

  • Funds can be stolen if the cryptography is broken or implemented incorrectly.

  1. Cryptography used - zkSync FAQ

All data required for proofs is published on chain

All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap calldata. This ensures that it will always be available when needed.

Operator

The system has a centralized operator

The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.

  • MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

Users can force any transaction via L1

If a user is censored by L2 Sequencer, they can try to force transaction via L1 queue. Right now there is no mechanism that forces L2 Sequencer to include transactions from L1 queue in an L1 block.

  1. L1 - L2 interoperability - Developer's documentation'

Withdrawals

Regular exit

The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a transaction on L2. When the block containing that transaction is proven the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.

  1. Withdrawing funds - zkSync documentation

Forced exit

If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular exit they can submit their withdrawal requests directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request. Once the force operation is submitted if the request is serviced the operation follows the flow of a regular exit. Note that this mechanism is not implemented yet.

  • Funds can be frozen if a user withdrawal request is censored (CRITICAL).

  1. L1 - L2 interoperability - Developer's documentation

Permissioned Addresses

The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:

zkSync Era MultiSig 0x4e49…7828

This MultiSig is the current Governor of zkSync Era main contract and owner of the L1EthBridge. It can upgrade zkSync Era, upgrade bridge, change rollup parameters with no delay.

These addresses are the participants of the 3/6 zkSync Era MultiSig.

Active validator 0x1122…2211

This actor is allowed to propose, revert and execute L2 blocks on L1.

Smart Contracts

A diagram of the smart contract architecture
A diagram of the smart contract architecture

The system consists of the following smart contracts:

ZkSync Diamond Proxy 0x3240…0324

The main Rollup contract. Operator commits blocks, provides zkProof which is validated by the Verifier contract and process transactions (executes blocks). During block execution it processes L1 --> L2 and L2 --> L1 transactions. It uses separate Verifier to validate zkProofs. Governance manages list of Validators and can set basic rollup parameters.

Verifier 0xccEF…70bA

Implements zkProof verification logic.

Standard bridge for depositing ETH to zkSync Era. This contract stores the following tokens: ETH.

The current deployment carries some associated risks:

  • Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).

Milestones

Fair Onboarding Alpha and Rebranding

2023 Feb 16th

zkSync 2.0 rebrands to zkSync Era and lets registered projects and developers deploy on mainnet.

Learn more

zkSync 2.0 baby alpha launch

2022 Oct 28th

zkSync 2.0 baby alpha is launched on mainnet.

Learn more