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Sequencing
Decentralized sequencing or validating improves short-term censorship resistance compared to centralized sequencing. Actual inclusion delays under censorship depend on sequencer rotation, sampling method, stake distribution, and live non-censoring operators. Long-term censorship resistance is strongest when decentralized sequencing is paired with a deterministic host-chain path, such as forced inclusion from- or an escape hatch to Ethereum.
Decentralized Sequencing
Columns
Columns
# | name | Set
size | Block production
access | Min. stake /
entry rate | Block time /
epoch time | Block
production | Deterministic
CR | Additional
CR | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |  | 3394 sequencers | Open | No | Bonded escape hatch, private transactions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 |  | 100,000 validators | Open | No | Shutter encrypted mempool beta | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 |  | 105 validators | No | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inclusion delay by censorship fraction
T99 inclusion delay in a static sequencer set by censoring fraction of sequencers/validators
A line stopping before the 50% limit indicates that any more censorship will prevent inclusion completely. This is usually due to the sequencer network's consensus mechanism stopping block production at that threshold.
Centralized sequencing
A single operator controls transaction ordering and block production. This gives users fast confirmations and high transaction throughput in the best case, but adds risk of censorship: if the operator refuses to include a transaction, users must rely on fallback paths that are enforced by the proof system on the host chain and delay their transactions significantly.
Combining decentralized sequencing and deterministic CR gadgets results in an optimal mix of real-time and eventual censorship resistance for users. Decentralized sequencing provides real-time CR at the speed of the Rollup while Ethereum is a fallback guarantee for eventual CR in worst-case scenarios.