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This project is under review.
Robinhood Chain is an Arbitrum Orbit Layer 2 operated by Robinhood, focused on tokenized real-world assets (such as stocks and ETFs) and onchain financial services including 24/7 trading, lending, and borrowing. Robinhood Chain is part of Robinhood's... broader mission to democratize access to global financial markets and to empower users and developers with modern blockchain tools.
Robinhood Chain is an Arbitrum Orbit Layer 2 operated by Robinhood, focused on tokenized real-world assets (such as stocks and ETFs) and onchain financial services including 24/7 trading, lending, and borrowing. Robinhood Chain is part of Robinhood's... broader mission to democratize access to global financial markets and to empower users and developers with modern blockchain tools.
Consequence: projects without a sufficiently decentralized set of challengers rely on few entities to safely update the state. A small set of challengers can collude with the proposer to finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds.
Learn more about the recategorisation here.
2026 Apr 30 — Jul 03
The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.
2026 Apr 30 — Jul 03
This section shows how much data the project publishes to its data-availability (DA) layer over time. The project currently posts data to
Ethereum.
2026 Apr 30 — Jul 03
This section shows how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type. It also highlights anomalies - significant deviations from their typical schedule.
2026 Jun 03 — Jul 03
Mainnet launch
2026 Jul 1st
Robinhood Chain opens to the public, removing the transaction-access whitelist.
Fraud proofs only allow 2 WHITELISTED actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve. The challenge protocol can be subject to delay attacks. There is a 6d 8h challenge period.
All of the data needed for proof construction is published on Ethereum L1.
There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.
Anyone can become a Proposer after 28d of inactivity from the currently whitelisted Proposers.
All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap blobs or calldata. This ensures that it will be available for enough time.

Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by a set of whitelisted validators. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.
Validators propose state roots as children of a previous state root. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. State roots are referred to as “assertions” within the contracts. Each chain of assertions only requires one stake, and validators staked on assertions with a child are considered inactive and can either move their stake to a new node or withdraw it. The function used to propose a new assertion is the stakeOnNewAssertion function. The stake is currently set to 1.0 ETH, and it can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. The protocol allows such funds to be trustlessly pooled together if necessary. New nodes cannot be created faster than the minimum assertion period, currently set to 15m. An assertion without “rivals” can be confirmed after the challenge period has passed, currently set to 6d 8h. If a rival is present, then it is checked that the assertion is the winner in the challenge protocol.
Funds can be stolen if no whitelisted challenger disputes an invalid state root before the challenge window expires (CRITICAL).
A challenge can be started between two siblings, i.e. two different state roots that share the same parent, by calling the createLayerZeroEdge function in the ChallengeManager contract. Edges represent assertions, or bisected assertions, within the challenge protocol. Challenges are played via a bisection game, where asserters and challengers play together to find the first instruction of disagreement. Such instruction is then executed onchain in the WASM OneStepProver contract to determine the winner. An edge can only be bisected when rivaled. The bisection process requires no new stake as their validity is checked against a parent “history root” that contains all intermediate states. An edge can also be confirmed if itself or its descendants spend enough time being unrivaled. Such time is set to 6d 8h. If both actors play as slow as possible, the maximum time to confirm an edge is double such value, i.e. 12d 17h. Due to the complexities of maintaining the history root, the challenge protocol is divided into 3 levels, where the lowest level represents assertions over blocks, the highest level represents assertions over single WASM instructions, and intermediate levels represent assertions over chunks of WASM instructions. When moving between levels, a new stake is required. Level 0 (block level) requires a stake of 0.0 ETH, level 1 requires a stake of 0.000000000000000001 ETH, level 2 requires a stake of 0.000000000000000001 ETH. The ratio between such stakes can be exploited to perform resource exhaustion attacks.
Funds can be stolen if an attacker successfully performs a resource exhaustion attack.
The metrics include upgrades on the currently used proxy contracts. Historical proxy contracts and changes of such are not included.
Initial discovery. The chain uses ArbOS 61 core contracts, newer builds of standard Orbit contracts. - SequencerInbox — diff Adds an owner-only setFeeTokenPricer (inert here: isUsingFeeToken=false , feeTokenPricer=0x0 ), a custom-DA header flag ( 0x01 , unused — chain posts blobs), and delay-proof paths. No new actors beyond the existing owner/batchPoster. - RollupProxy (RollupAdminLogic) — diff ArbOS 61 admin logic; all setters (allowlist, fee-token, batch-poster mgr, AFK-whitelist) stay owner-gated — covered by the template owner permission. - RollupProxy (RollupUserLogic) — diff ArbOS 61 user logic; BoLD assertion/force-inclusion flow and getValidators proposer set unchanged. - RollupEventInbox — diff BoLD event inbox; only initialize is rollup-gated, no standing permissions. - OneStepProofEntry — diff Proof dispatcher (ArbOS 61 opcode set); immutable constructor-set prover addresses, no mutable state, no permissions. - OneStepProver0 — diff Stateless one-step WASM verifier; ArbOS 61 opcode updates only, no state/permissions. - OneStepProverMath — diff Stateless math-opcode verifier; ArbOS 61 opcode updates only, no state/permissions. - OneStepProverMemory — diff Stateless memory-opcode verifier; ArbOS 61 opcode updates only, no state/permissions. - OneStepProverHostIo — diff Host-io verifier (ArbOS 61 host-io/opcode updates); immutable customDAValidator ( 0x0 here, so custom-DA proof paths revert), no mutable state, no permissions.
Initial discovery.
The chain uses ArbOS 61 core contracts, newer builds of standard Orbit contracts.
setFeeTokenPricer (inert here: isUsingFeeToken=false, feeTokenPricer=0x0), a custom-DA header flag (0x01, unused — chain posts blobs), and delay-proof paths. No new actors beyond the existing owner/batchPoster.owner permission.getValidators proposer set unchanged.initialize is rollup-gated, no standing permissions.customDAValidator (0x0 here, so custom-DA proof paths revert), no mutable state, no permissions.| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract ProxyAdmin (eth:0x1232813BDd40aa9d53066A880dE78a4Be70B90FD) [N/A] | |
| +++ description: None |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract Inbox (eth:0x1A07cc4BD17E0118BdB54D70990D2158AbAD7a2D) [orbitstack/Inbox] | |
| +++ description: Facilitates sending L1 to L2 messages like depositing ETH, but does not escrow funds. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract Safe (eth:0x1F3Bdec08A161Ca9e5480feF33A3B2278c2931C5) [GnosisSafe] | |
| +++ description: None |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract RollupProxy (eth:0x23A19d23e89166adedbDcB432518AB01e4272D94) [orbitstack/RollupProxyBoLD] | |
| +++ description: Central contract for the project's configuration like its execution logic hash (`wasmModuleRoot`) and addresses of the other system contracts. Entry point for Proposers creating new assertions (state commitments) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs (In the Orbit stack, these two roles are both called Validators). |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract OneStepProverMath (eth:0x4B15E064d5d55705E89080bDEA4BFe4cF20D6114) [orbitstack/OneStepProverMath] | |
| +++ description: One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract OneStepProofEntry (eth:0x5087a6fD526eFD5c6770d94D0c325de0e2A2c44D) [orbitstack/OneStepProofEntry] | |
| +++ description: One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract UpgradeExecutor (eth:0x552603b4bc1f5E896AF2854548D6380f45f1B4bf) [orbitstack/UpgradeExecutor] | |
| +++ description: Central contract defining the access control permissions for upgrading the system contract implementations. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract OneStepProverMemory (eth:0x665CEA1cA6C36aB701f4C6AE895b156f79C51c35) [orbitstack/OneStepProverMemory] | |
| +++ description: One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract L1GatewayRouter (eth:0x6a2E3a1e16FC29f27Ce61429746D558d656975bB) [orbitstack/GatewayRouter] | |
| +++ description: This routing contract maps tokens to the correct escrow (gateway) to be then bridged with canonical messaging. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract EdgeChallengeManager (eth:0x6f38FC91105Fc9a43931DcA33450ab3315E3D4Fa) [orbitstack/EdgeChallengeManager] | |
| +++ description: Contract that implements the main challenge protocol logic of the fraud proof system. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract OneStepProver0 (eth:0x6fE84aC811EBEcd888Eca93757fEa378Bb03b00c) [orbitstack/OneStepProver0] | |
| +++ description: One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract L1ERC20Gateway (eth:0x85001CC4867C5e1C22dA4B79BB8852B9e2a06da0) [orbitstack/ERC20Gateway] | |
| +++ description: Escrows deposited ERC-20 assets for the canonical Bridge. Upon depositing, a generic token representation will be minted at the destination. Withdrawals are initiated by the Outbox contract. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract SequencerInbox (eth:0xBd0D173EEb87D57A09521c24388a12789F33ba96) [orbitstack/SequencerInbox] | |
| +++ description: A sequencer (registered in this contract) can submit transaction batches or commitments here. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract Wrapped Ether Token (eth:0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2) [N/A] | |
| +++ description: None |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract RollupEventInbox (eth:0xc34f4907822d1cDC6aE3038Be22e6f12DEa35bd4) [orbitstack/RollupEventInbox] | |
| +++ description: Helper contract sending configuration data over the bridge during the systems initialization. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract Bridge (eth:0xDf8755334ce7A73cCF6b581C02eA649AE3E864b3) [orbitstack/Bridge] | |
| +++ description: Escrow contract for the project's gas token (can be different from ETH). Keeps a list of allowed Inboxes and Outboxes for canonical bridge messaging. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract OneStepProverHostIo (eth:0xe1aAfAfBde42f043495B39d1a15a58E91c894Fbf) [orbitstack/OneStepProverHostIo] | |
| +++ description: One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract Outbox (eth:0xf0ce991ea4A0d2400A4AB49b20ae333f6Dce3DE9) [orbitstack/Outbox] | |
| +++ description: Facilitates L2 to L1 contract calls: Messages initiated from L2 (for example withdrawal messages) eventually resolve in execution on L1. |
| + | Status: CREATED |
| contract L1WethGateway (eth:0xF7e12b9614b509C747ab4423bC4ACF923759Cf1B) [N/A] | |
| +++ description: None |
While forcing transaction is open to anyone the system employs a privileged sequencer that has priority for submitting transaction batches and ordering transactions.
MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly. After a delay of 4d in which a Sequencer has failed to include a transaction that was directly posted to the smart contract, it can be forcefully included by anyone on the host chain, which finalizes its ordering.
To force transactions from the host chain, users must first enqueue “delayed” messages in the “delayed” inbox of the Bridge contract. Only authorized Inboxes are allowed to enqueue delayed messages, and the so-called Inbox contract is the one used as the entry point by calling the sendMessage or sendMessageFromOrigin functions. If the centralized sequencer doesn’t process the request within some time bound, users can call the forceInclusion function on the SequencerInbox contract to include the message in the canonical chain. The time bound is defined to be the minimum between 4d and the time left in the delay buffer. The delay buffer gets replenished over time and gets consumed every time the sequencer doesn’t timely process a message. Only messages processed with a delay greater than 1634y 3mo consume the buffer. The buffer is capped at 1634y 3mo. The replenish rate is currently set at 1m every 20m. Even if the buffer is fully consumed, messages are still allowed to be delayed up to 1634y 3mo.
Users can (eventually) exit the system by pushing the transaction on L1 and providing the corresponding state root. The only way to prevent such withdrawal is via an upgrade.
Arbitrum One uses Nitro technology that allows running fraud proofs by executing EVM code on top of WASM.

A Multisig with 2/3 threshold.


Central contract for the project’s configuration like its execution logic hash (wasmModuleRoot) and addresses of the other system contracts. Entry point for Proposers creating new assertions (state commitments) and Challengers submitting fraud proofs (In the Orbit stack, these two roles are both called Validators).
Contract that implements the main challenge protocol logic of the fraud proof system.
A sequencer (registered in this contract) can submit transaction batches or commitments here.

Central contract defining the access control permissions for upgrading the system contract implementations.
Escrows deposited ERC-20 assets for the canonical Bridge. Upon depositing, a generic token representation will be minted at the destination. Withdrawals are initiated by the Outbox contract.
All supported tokens in this escrow are included in the value secured calculation.
This routing contract maps tokens to the correct escrow (gateway) to be then bridged with canonical messaging.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
Helper contract sending configuration data over the bridge during the systems initialization.
One of the modular contracts used for the last step of a fraud proof, which is simulated inside a WASM virtual machine.
All supported tokens in this escrow are included in the value secured calculation.
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).
Funds can be stolen if the source code of unverified contracts contains malicious code (CRITICAL).