Search

Search for projects by name

SummaryValue LockedMilestones & IncidentsRisk summaryRisk analysisTechnologyOperatorWithdrawalsPermissionsSmart contractsKnowledge nuggets

RedSonic logoRedSonic

This project is archived.
This project was sunset on 2024-09-20 and deposits after that time may not be recoverable.

Badges

About

RedSonic is a Validium based on the StarkEx technology. Its goal is to power the next generation Web3 apps and games by providing developers with the APIs and SDKs to create digital assets and easily integrate them in-app and in-game.

Value Locked
$613.3618.3%
Canonically Bridged
$613.36
Externally Bridged
$0.00
Natively Minted
$0.00
View TVL Breakdown
  • Tokens
  • Daily UOPS
    No data
  • 30D ops count
    No data
  • Type
    Validium
  • Purposes
    Exchange, NFT, Gaming
    • Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityExit windowProposer failure

    Badges

    About

    RedSonic is a Validium based on the StarkEx technology. Its goal is to power the next generation Web3 apps and games by providing developers with the APIs and SDKs to create digital assets and easily integrate them in-app and in-game.

    Value Locked
    Canonical
    External
    Native
    Milestones & Incidents

    Reddio Announces Mainnet Launch

    2022 Sep 29th

    Reddio announces its Validium Mainnet launch.

    Learn more
    Risk summary

    Funds can be lost if

    1. the proof system is implemented incorrectly,
    2. the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).

    Users can be censored if

    1. the committee restricts their access to the external data,
    2. the operator refuses to include their transactions. However, there exists a mechanism to independently exit the system.

    MEV can be extracted if

    1. the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
    Risk analysis
    Sequencer failureState validationData availabilityExit windowProposer failure

    Sequencer failure

    Force via L1

    Users can force the sequencer to include a withdrawal transaction by submitting a request through L1. If the sequencer censors or is down for for more than 7d, users can use the exit hatch to withdraw their funds.

    State validation

    ZK proofs (ST)

    STARKs are zero knowledge proofs that ensure state correctness.

    Data availability

    External (DAC)

    Proof construction relies fully on data that is NOT published onchain. There exists a Data Availability Committee (DAC) with a threshold of 2/2 that is tasked with protecting and supplying the data.

    Exit window

    None

    There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.

    Proposer failure

    Use escape hatch

    Users are able to trustlessly exit by submitting a Merkle proof of funds. NFTs will be minted on L1 to exit.

    Technology

    Validity proofs ensure state correctness

    Each update to the system state must be accompanied by a ZK proof that ensures that the new state was derived by correctly applying a series of valid user transactions to the previous state. These proofs are then verified on Ethereum by a smart contract. The system state is represented using Merkle roots.

    1. Enforcing Consistency on the On-Chain State - StarkEx documentation

    Zero knowledge STARK cryptography is used

    Despite their production use zkSTARKs proof systems are still relatively new, complex and they rely on the proper implementation of the polynomial constraints used to check validity of the Execution Trace.

    • Funds can be lost if the proof system is implemented incorrectly.

    1. STARK Core Engine Deep Dive

    Data is not stored on chain

    The balances of the users are not published onchain, but rather sent to external trusted parties, also known as committee members. A state update is valid and accepted onchain only if at least a quorum of the committee members sign a state update.

    • Funds can be lost if the external data becomes unavailable (CRITICAL).

    • Users can be censored if the committee restricts their access to the external data.

    1. Data Availability Modes - StarkEx documentation
    2. Validium - StarkEx documentation
    3. Availability Verifiers - StarkEx documentation
    Operator

    The system has a centralized operator

    The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system. Typically, the Operator is the hot wallet of the StarkEx service submitting state updates for which proofs have been already submitted and verified.

    • MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.

    1. Operator - StarkEx documentation

    Users can force exit the system

    Force exit allows the users to escape censorship by withdrawing their funds. The system allows users to force the withdrawal of funds by submitting a request directly to the contract onchain. The request must be served within a defined time period. If this does not happen, the system will halt regular operation and permit trustless withdrawal of funds.

    • Users can be censored if the operator refuses to include their transactions. However, there exists a mechanism to independently exit the system.

    1. Censorship Prevention - StarkEx documentation
    Withdrawals

    Regular exit

    The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is proven the funds become available for withdrawal on L1. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction does not require a merkle proof. When withdrawing NFTs they are minted on L1.

    1. Withdrawal - StarkEx documentation

    Forced exit

    If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular exit they can submit their withdrawal requests directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular exit.

    1. Forced Operations - StarkEx documentation
    2. Full Withdrawal - StarkEx documentation

    Emergency exit

    If the enough time deadline passes and the forced exit is still ignored the user can put the system into a frozen state, disallowing further state updates. In that case everybody can withdraw by submitting a merkle proof of their funds with their L1 transaction.

    1. Forced Operations - StarkEx documentation
    2. Full Withdrawal - StarkEx documentation
    Permissions

    The system uses the following set of permissioned addresses:

    Governor 0x6b77…39Ef

    Can upgrade implementation of the system, potentially gaining access to all funds stored in the bridge. Currently there is 0s delay before the upgrade.

    Data Availability Committee (2) 0x8116…a6e50x9eA5…B8a0

    Validity proof must be signed by at least 2 of these addresses to approve state update.

    SHARP Verifier Governors (2) 0x3DE5…F5C6SHARPVerifierGovernorMultisig

    Can upgrade implementation of SHARP Verifier, potentially with code approving fraudulent state. Currently there is 0s delay before the upgrade.

    SHARPVerifierGovernorMultisig SHARP Verifier Governors

    A Gnosis Safe with 2 / 4 threshold. SHARP Verifier Governor.

    Used in:

    SHARPVerifierGovernorMultisig participants (4) 0x0405…84880x5923…85580xebc8…fD7F0x955B…2Fec

    Those are the participants of the SHARPVerifierGovernorMultisig.

    Operators (2) 0x5751…f21A0x2e1c…8b2a

    Allowed to update the state. When the Operator is down the state cannot be updated.

    Smart contracts

    The system consists of the following smart contracts on the host chain (Ethereum):

    Committee 0x4b2B…6669

    Data Availability Committee (DAC) contract verifying data availability claim from DAC Members (via multisig check).

    SHARPVerifierProxy 0x4731…Db60Implementation (Upgradable)Admin (1)Admin (2)

    CallProxy for GpsStatementVerifier.

    Proxy used in:

    SHARPVerifier 0x9fb7…1942

    Starkware SHARP verifier used collectively by Starknet, Sorare, ImmutableX, Apex, Myria, rhino.fi and Canvas Connect. It receives STARK proofs from the Prover attesting to the integrity of the Execution Trace of these Programs including correctly computed state root which is part of the Program Output.

    Implementation used in:

    FriStatementContract 0x30Ef…d400

    Part of STARK Verifier.

    Implementation used in:

    MerkleStatementContract 0x32a9…FdAd

    Part of STARK Verifier.

    Implementation used in:

    CairoBootloaderProgram 0x5860…c515

    Part of STARK Verifier.

    Implementation used in:

    MemoryPageFactRegistry 0xe583…C460

    MemoryPageFactRegistry is one of the many contracts used by SHARP verifier. This one is important as it registers all necessary onchain data.

    Implementation used in:

    OldMemoryPageFactRegistry 0xFD14…D1b4

    Same as MemoryPageFactRegistry but stores facts proved by the old SHARP Verifier, used as a fallback.

    Implementation used in:

    Value Locked is calculated based on these smart contracts and tokens:

    The current deployment carries some associated risks:

    • Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. There is no delay on code upgrades (CRITICAL).

    Knowledge nuggets
    Thumbnail of Understand StarkWare #1

    Understand StarkWare #1

    Learn more

    Thumbnail of Understand StarkWare #2

    Understand StarkWare #2

    Learn more

    Thumbnail of Understand StarkWare #3

    Understand StarkWare #3

    Learn more

    Thumbnail of Understand StarkWare #4

    Understand StarkWare #4

    Learn more