Base
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About
Base is an Optimistic Rollup built with the OP Stack. It offers a low-cost and builder-friendly way for anyone, anywhere, to build onchain.
Badges
About
Base is an Optimistic Rollup built with the OP Stack. It offers a low-cost and builder-friendly way for anyone, anywhere, to build onchain.
Stages changes
The project will move to Stage 0 because:
2024 May 20 — 2025 May 20
2024 May 20 — 2025 May 19
The section shows the operating costs that L2s pay to Ethereum.
2024 May 20 — 2025 May 19
The chart illustrates how "live" the project's operators are by displaying how frequently they submit transactions of the selected type and if these intervals deviate from their typical schedule.
2025 Apr 20 — May 20
Base achieves Stage 1
2025 Apr 29th
Through an upgrade in their governance process and a Security Council, Base is now stage 1.
Funds can be stolen if
MEV can be extracted if
Fraud proofs allow actors watching the chain to prove that the state is incorrect. Interactive proofs (INT) require multiple transactions over time to resolve.
All of the data needed for proof construction is published on Ethereum L1.
There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable. Upgrades need to be approved by 3 parties: Base multisig, the Op Foundation Operations multisig, and the Base Security Council.
Base is a New requirements coming soon
All data required for proofs is published on chain
All the data that is used to construct the system state is published on chain in the form of cheap blobs or calldata. This ensures that it will be available for enough time.
- Derivation: Batch submission - OP Mainnet specs
- BatchInbox - address
- OptimismPortal2.sol - source code, depositTransaction function
Ethereum
Updates to the system state can be proposed and challenged by anyone who has sufficient funds. If a state root passes the challenge period, it is optimistically considered correct and made actionable for withdrawals.
Proposers submit state roots as children of the latest confirmed state root (called anchor state), by calling the create function in the DisputeGameFactory. A state root can have multiple conflicting children. Each proposal requires a stake, currently set to 0.08 ETH, that can be slashed if the proposal is proven incorrect via a fraud proof. Stakes can be withdrawn only after the proposal has been confirmed. A state root gets confirmed if the challenge period has passed and it is not countered.
Challenges are opened to disprove invalid state roots using bisection games. Each bisection move requires a stake that increases expontentially with the depth of the bisection, with a factor of 1.09493. The maximum depth is 73, and reaching it therefore requires a cumulative stake of 691.43 ETH from depth 0. Actors can participate in any challenge by calling the defend or attack functions, depending whether they agree or disagree with the latest claim and want to move the bisection game forward. Actors that disagree with the top-level claim are called challengers, and actors that agree are called defenders. Each actor might be involved in multiple (sub-)challenges at the same time, meaning that the protocol operates with full concurrency. Challengers and defenders alternate in the bisection game, and they pass each other a clock that starts with 3d 12h. If a clock expires, the claim is considered defeated if it was countered, or it gets confirmed if uncountered. Since honest parties can inherit clocks from malicious parties that play both as challengers and defenders (see freeloader claims), if a clock gets inherited with less than 3h, it generally gets extended by 3h with the exception of 6h right before depth 30, and 1d right before the last depth. The maximum clock extension that a top level claim can get is therefore 10d. Since unconfirmed state roots are independent of one another, users can decide to exit with a subsequent confirmed state root if the previous one is delayed. Winners get the entire losers’ stake, meaning that sybils can potentially play against each other at no cost. The final instruction found via the bisection game is then executed onchain in the MIPS one step prover contract who determines the winner. The protocol does not enforce valid bisections, meaning that actors can propose correct initial claims and then provide incorrect midpoints. The protocol can be subject to resource exhaustion attacks (Spearbit 5.1.3).
The system has a centralized operator
The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.
MEV can be extracted if the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions.
Users can force any transaction
Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly.
Regular exits
The user initiates the withdrawal by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When a state root containing such transaction is settled, the funds become available for withdrawal on L1 after 3d 12h. Withdrawal inclusion can be proven before state root settlement, but a 7d period has to pass before it becomes actionable. The process of state root settlement takes a challenge period of at least 3d 12h to complete. Finally the user submits an L1 transaction to claim the funds. This transaction requires a merkle proof.
Forced messaging
If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular L2->L1 messaging they can submit their messages directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request or halt all messages, including forced withdrawals from L1 and regular messages initiated on L2. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular message.
EVM compatible smart contracts are supported
OP stack chains are pursuing the EVM Equivalence model. No changes to smart contracts are required regardless of the language they are written in, i.e. anything deployed on L1 can be deployed on L2.
All contracts are upgradable by a ProxyAdmin contract which is controlled by a nested 2/2 Base Governance Multisig composed by the Base Coordinator Multisig and the OP Foundation. The Base Coordinator Multisig is a 2/2 controlled by the Base Security Council multisig and the Base team multisig. The Guardian role is assigned to the Optimism Security Council multisig, with a Safe Module that allows the OP Foundation to act through it to stop withdrawals in the whole Superchain, blacklist dispute games, or deactivate the fault proof system entirely in case of emergencies. The OP Security Council can remove the module if the Foundation becomes malicious. The single Sequencer actor can be modified by the Base Multisig 1 via the SystemConfig contract. The Base Governance multisig can also recover dispute bonds in case of bugs that would distribute them incorrectly.
Ethereum
Roles:
Allowed to pause withdrawals. In op stack systems with a proof system, the Guardian can also blacklist dispute games and set the respected game type (permissioned / permissionless).
- OpFoundationUpgradeSafe has the role if the number of Optimism Security Council members falls below 8
- OpFoundationOperationsSafe has the role if not revoked by the Security Council
- Optimism EOA 1 has the role if not revoked by the Security Council, though restricted to the global pause function
Allowed to commit transactions from the current layer to the host chain.
Actors:
- A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.
- Can upgrade with no delay
- OptimismMintableERC20Factory
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L1StandardBridge
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - DelayedWETH_PermissionedGames
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - DisputeGameFactory
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - OptimismPortal2
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - AnchorStateRegistry
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L1ERC721Bridge
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - SystemConfig
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - DelayedWETH_PermissionlessGames
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin
- OptimismMintableERC20Factory
- Can interact with DelayedWETH_PermissionedGames
- can pull funds from the contract in case of emergency
- Can interact with AddressManager
- set and change address mappings
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin
- set and change address mappings
- Can interact with DelayedWETH_PermissionlessGames
- can pull funds from the contract in case of emergency
- A Multisig with 5/7 threshold.
- Member of SuperchainProxyAdminOwner.
- A Guardian - acting via LivenessModule if the number of Optimism Security Council members falls below 8 → Optimism Security Council → Optimism Guardian Multisig
- A Multisig with 5/7 threshold. It uses the following modules: DeputyPauseModule (Allows 0x352f1defB49718e7Ea411687E850aA8d6299F7aC, called the deputy pauser, to act on behalf of the OpFoundationOperationsSafe if set as its Safe module).
- Member of Base Governance Multisig.
- A Guardian - acting via DeputyGuardianModule if not revoked by the Security Council → Optimism Guardian Multisig
- A Multisig with 10/13 threshold. It uses the following modules: LivenessModule (used to remove members inactive for 98d while making sure that the threshold remains above 75%. If the number of members falls below 8, the OpFoundationUpgradeSafe takes ownership of the multisig).
- Member of Optimism Guardian Multisig, SuperchainProxyAdminOwner.
- A Guardian - acting via Optimism Guardian Multisig
Participants (13):
0x07dC…d0730x652B…cB5f0x1822…925e0x4A73…e61E0x51aC…3dDa0xEF9A…877c0x6323…c8650xd5b7…aC900x7ed8…9E390x0aA3…75D70x9Eb1…fD7A0xbfA0…E0d90x9282…cACb- A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.
- Can upgrade with no delay
- SuperchainConfig
via
- acting via SuperchainProxyAdmin
- SuperchainConfig
- Can interact with AddressManager
- set and change address mappings
via
- acting via SuperchainProxyAdmin
- set and change address mappings
- Can interact with LivenessModule
- can remove members of Optimism Security Council inactive for 98d
- A Multisig with 1/1 threshold. It uses the following modules: DeputyGuardianModule (allows the OpFoundationOperationsSafe, called the deputy guardian, to act on behalf of the Gnosis Safe).
Participants (1):
Optimism Security Council- A Multisig with 7/10 threshold.
- Member of Base Coordinator Multisig.
- A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.
- Member of OpFoundationUpgradeSafe, OpFoundationOperationsSafe.
- A Multisig with 2/2 threshold.
- Member of Base Governance Multisig.
- A Multisig with 3/6 threshold.
- Member of Base Coordinator Multisig.
Base
Actors:
- A Multisig with 3/6 threshold.
- Can upgrade with no delay
- FeeDisburser
- A Multisig with 2/3 threshold.
- Can upgrade with no delay
- L2CrossDomainMessenger
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L2StandardBridge
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - SequencerFeeVault
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - OptimismMintableERC20Factory
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L1BlockNumber
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L2ERC721Bridge
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L1Block
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L2ToL1MessagePasser
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - OptimismMintableERC721Factory
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - ProxyAdmin
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - BaseFeeVault
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - L1FeeVault
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - SchemaRegistry
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin - EAS
via
- acting via ProxyAdmin
- L2CrossDomainMessenger
Ethereum
The dispute game factory allows the creation of dispute games, used to propose state roots and eventually challenge them.
The OptimismPortal contract is the main entry point to deposit funds from L1 to L2. It also allows to prove and finalize withdrawals. It specifies which game type can be used for withdrawals, which currently is the FaultDisputeGame. This contract stores the following tokens: ETH.
Used to manage global configuration values for multiple OP Chains within a single Superchain network. The SuperchainConfig contract manages the PAUSED_SLOT, a boolean value indicating whether the Superchain is paused, and GUARDIAN_SLOT, the address of the guardian which can pause and unpause the system.
The main entry point to deposit ERC20 tokens from host chain to this chain. This contract can store any token.
Used to bridge ERC-721 tokens from host chain to this chain.
Sends messages from host chain to this chain, and relays messages back onto host chain. In the event that a message sent from host chain to this chain is rejected for exceeding this chain’s epoch gas limit, it can be resubmitted via this contract’s replay function.
- Can be used to interact with AddressManager - set and change address mappings.
- Can be used to upgrade implementation of OptimismMintableERC20Factory, DelayedWETH_PermissionedGames, DisputeGameFactory, OptimismPortal2, AnchorStateRegistry, L1ERC721Bridge, SystemConfig, DelayedWETH_PermissionlessGames.
- Can be used to upgrade implementation of L1StandardBridge - upgrading the bridge implementation can give access to all funds escrowed therein.
A helper contract that generates OptimismMintableERC20 contracts on the network it’s deployed to. OptimismMintableERC20 is a standard extension of the base ERC20 token contract designed to allow the L1StandardBridge contracts to mint and burn tokens. This makes it possible to use an OptimismMintablERC20 as this chain’s representation of a token on the host chain, or vice-versa.
The PreimageOracle contract is used to load the required data from L1 for a dispute game.
Contract designed to hold the bonded ETH for each game. It is designed as a wrapper around WETH to allow an owner to function as a backstop if a game would incorrectly distribute funds.
Contains the latest confirmed state root that can be used as a starting point in a dispute game.
- Can be used to interact with AddressManager - set and change address mappings.
- Can be used to upgrade implementation of SuperchainConfig.
Same as FaultDisputeGame, but only two permissioned addresses are designated as proposer and challenger.
This contract stores the following tokens: USDS, sUSDS.
Escrow for custom external tokens that use the canonical bridge for messaging but are governed externally. This contract stores the following tokens: wstETH.
Contract designed to hold the bonded ETH for each game. It is designed as a wrapper around WETH to allow an owner to function as a backstop if a game would incorrectly distribute funds.
Custom bridge for USDS and sUSDS managed by Sky governance.
Logic of the dispute game. When a state root is proposed, a dispute game contract is deployed. Challengers can use such contracts to challenge the proposed state root.
The MIPS contract is used to execute the final step of the dispute game which objectively determines the winner of the dispute.
Base
Contract used to disburse funds from system FeeVault contracts, shares revenue with Optimism and bridges the rest of funds to L1.
Contract used internally by the L2CrossDomainMessenger to send messages to L1, including withdrawals. It can also be used directly as a low-level interface.
Can be used to upgrade implementation of L2CrossDomainMessenger, L2StandardBridge, SequencerFeeVault, OptimismMintableERC20Factory, L1BlockNumber, L2ERC721Bridge, L1Block, L2ToL1MessagePasser, OptimismMintableERC721Factory, ProxyAdmin, BaseFeeVault, L1FeeVault, SchemaRegistry, EAS.
Collects EIP-1559 base fees, which are withdrawable to the FeesCollector on L1.
Contracts to register schemas for the Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS).
Contract containing the main logic for the Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS).
Value Secured is calculated based on these smart contracts and tokens:
Main entry point for users depositing ERC20 token that do not require custom gateway.
Maker-controlled vault for USDS ans sUSDS bridged with canonical messaging.
Main entry point for users depositing ETH.
wstETH Vault for custom wstETH Gateway. Fully controlled by Lido governance.
The current deployment carries some associated risks:
Funds can be stolen if a contract receives a malicious code upgrade. Upgrades must be approved by 3 parties: Base Security Council, BaseMultisig2 and the OpFoundationOperationsSafe. There is no delay on upgrades.